Avaliação da produção de biogás de dejetos de suínos utilizando a metodologia de superfície de resposta / Evaluation of biogas production of swine waste using response surface methodology

O presente estudo avaliou as condições operacionais que podem maximizar a produção do biogás a partir do uso de biodigestores. Os ensaios experimentais foram conduzidos utilizando dejetos de suínos em fase de terminação, com concentração de sólidos totais na coleta de 70,6% p/v. Os experimentos avaliaram, segundo a metodologia de superfície de resposta (MSR), a influência de cinco fatores: temperatura, concentração inicial de matéria orgânica e influência da adição de nutrientes inorgânicos (FeSO4×7H2O, NiSO4×6H2O e MnSO4×4H2O). Os melhores resultados foram obtidos para a concentração de biomassa inicial de 395 a 595 g.L-1 e a temperatura de 33,5 a 44ºC. Em relação ao uso de nutrientes no processo de biodigestão anaeróbia, os resultados permitiram concluir que houve significativa redução no tempo de retenção hidráulica (TRH) e maior produtividade de biogás.

This study evaluated the operational conditions that maximize the production of biogas from the use of digesters. Experimental tests were conducted using termination phase swine wastes, with total solids in collecting 70.6% w/v. The experiments evaluated according to the response surface methodology (RSM), the influence of five factors: temperature, initial concentration of organic matter and influence of inorganic nutrients addition (FeSO4×7H2O, NiSO4×6H2O and MnSO4×4H2O). Better results were obtained for the initial concentration biomass of 395 to 595 g.L-1 and temperatures from 33.5 to 44ºC. Regarding the use of nutrients in the anaerobic digestion process, the results showed that there was significant reduction in hydraulic retention time and increased biogas productivity.

Evaluation of red cabbage anthocyanins after partial purification on clay

The aim of this work was to evaluate the red cabbage anthocyanins quality after purification by static adsorption assays on clay (Tonsil Terrana 580FF). Thin-layer chromatography analysis and scan spectrometry on UV-Visible showed a good dye stability of the pigment interacting with the clay. The use of pH 3.0 buffer during the batch assays provided a protective effect on the cabbage anthocyanins, limiting the dye acid hydrolyses. Analyses of the reducing sugars contents of the extract showed that clay retained 20 percent average of total free sugars under the test conditions.

Extraction of red cabbage anthocyanins: optimization of the operation conditions of the column process

The aim of this work was to extract anthocyanins from the red cabbage. Batch studies under several extraction conditions indicated that acetic acid in aqueous solution (10 percent V/V) was the best solvent, used in the proportion of 0.25 g of red cabbage mL-1. At this condition, column assays were carried out to evaluate the influence of the ionic force, pH, solvent flow rate, recirculated volume of red cabbage juice and the mass of red cabbage. Results showed that the pH, recirculation and mass of red cabbage had statistically significant effects, where the optimum operation conditions found for the process were pH 2.3, recirculation volume of the solvent 0.83 L and mass of red cabbage 50 g.

Desde os primórdios dos tempos as antocianinas são extraídas de vegetais, mas avanços que garantam um processo viável e rentável exigem conhecimento, quantificação e controle das condições de operação. Estudos em batelada sob várias condições de extração indicaram que ácido acético em solução aquosa (10 por cento V/V) foi o melhor solvente, quando usado na proporção de 0,25 g de repolho roxo mL-1. Nesta condição de operação foram feitos ensaios em coluna para avaliar a influência da força iônica, pH, taxa de escoamento do solvente, volume recirculado da solução de extração e massa de repolho roxo. Os resultados mostraram que o pH, recirculação e massa de repolho foram estatisticamente significativos, e as condições ótimas de operação encontradas para o processo foram pH 2,3, volume de solvente recirculado de 0,83 L e massa de repolho roxo igual a 50g.

Adsorption of natural dyes on clay fixed on polymers

The main purpose of this work was to produce a pellet to minimize undesirable effects in fixed beds, such as colmatation, through clay fixation on the surface of polymeric particles. Preliminary experiments were carried out by heating the clay, namely Tonsil Terrana 580FF, in order to observe variations on its capacity to adsorb anthocyanins derived from red cabbage. Clays was fixed on five samples of high density polyethylene (HDPE) at 180°C -210°C for two hours. The morphological analyses of the resulting particles were accomplished through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The experiments demonstrated an increase on clay's adsorptive capacity of 15.65 percent at 120°C for 30 hours and 16.80 percent at 170°C for two hours. The SEM analysis showed that the clay particles adhered on the external surface of the pellets .These results show that it is possible to obtain polymeric pellets using HDPE coated with clay.